Taiji trading card game山海经创世版

THE CLASSIC OF MOUNTAINS AND SEAS

山海經Reading room

CHAPTER 11 · 24 passages

Within the Western Seas

海內西經

Select a chapter to begin. Hover over or tap a Chinese character to see its pinyin pronunciation. Select an underlined name to explore its Taiji card. Keyboard: focus a passage, then use Left and Right Arrow to inspect characters. Escape closes pronunciation.

001
English
This is the region within the seas, northward from the southwestern corner.
002
English
Èrfù [貳負]'s minister is called Wēi [危]. Wēi [危] and Èrfù [貳負] killed . The High God therefore put him in Divine Shackles on Mount Shūshǔ [疏屬], shackling his right foot, binding his hands behind him together with his hair, and tying him to a tree upon the mountain. This is northwest of Kāití [開題].
Translator’s note

The singular pronoun is conventionally understood to refer to 危. The wording about his hands and hair is retained from this version.

003
English
The Dà Zé is a hundred li square, where the many birds breed and shed their feathers. It lies north of Yànmén [鴈門].
004
English
Wild geese emerge between the heights of Mt. Yàn Mén [鴈門], north of Gāoliǔ [高柳].
005
English
Gāoliǔ [高柳] lies north of Dài [代].
006
English
The burial place of Hòujì [后稷] is encircled by mountains and water, west of the country of Dī [氐].
007
English
The country of Liúhuángfēngshì [流黃酆氏] is three hundred li square within. Roads extend in the four directions, and there is a mountain in its midst. It lies west of Hòujì [后稷]'s burial place.
008
English
The Liúshā [流沙] issues from Mount Zhōng [鍾], runs west, then south toward the height of Kūnlún [昆侖], and enters the sea southwest at the mountains of the Hēi [黑] River.
Translator’s note

流沙 is a named tract of shifting or flowing sand, not securely a conventional river. The source describes its course with river-like verbs, which are retained.

009
English
The countries within the Liúshā [流沙] are Zhǔnduān [埻端] and Xǐróng [璽蓉], southeast of the height of Kūnlún [昆侖]. Another account says they are districts within the seas, but are not organised as commanderies and counties, and lie within the Liúshā [流沙].
Translator’s note

The alternative sentence repeats “district” language in a difficult way; it is not harmonised with a later administrative map.

010
English
The countries beyond the Liúshā [流沙] are Dàxià [大夏], Shùshā [豎沙], Jūyáo [居繇], and Yuèzhī [月支].
011
English
The Xīhú [西胡] and Mount Báiyù [白玉] lie east of Dàxià [大夏]; Mt. Cāng Wú [蒼梧] lies southwest of Mount Báiyù [白玉]. All lie west of the Liúshā [流沙] and southeast of the height of Kūnlún [昆侖]. Mount Kūnlún [昆侖] lies west of the Xīhú [西胡]; all are in the northwest.
012
English
The height of Kūnlún [昆侖], within the seas, lies in the northwest and is the High God's lower capital. It is eight hundred li square and ten thousand ren high. Above grows tree-grain, five xun high and five armspans in girth. On each side are nine wells, bordered with jade, and nine gates, guarded by the Kāi Míng Shòu [開明]. Here the hundred gods dwell. At the cliffs of its eight corners, beside the Chì [赤] River, none but the benevolent Yì [羿] can climb the ridge's cliffs.
Translator’s note

Tree-grain, 木禾, is a wondrous cereal growing like a tree. Xun, ren, and the girth measure 圍 are ancient units, left unconverted. The epithet 仁羿 is retained as “benevolent 羿.”

013
English
The Chì [赤] River issues from the southeastern corner and runs to its northeast, then flows southwest into the southern sea, east of Yàn Huǒ [厭火].
014
English
The Hé [河] River issues from the northeastern corner and runs along its north. Southwestward it enters the Bó [渤] Sea, then emerges beyond the seas, turns west and north, and enters Mount Jīshí [積石], through which Yǔ [禹] led it.
015
English
The Yáng [洋] and Hēi [黑] rivers issue from the northwestern corner, go east, eastward again, then northeast, and enter the sea to the south, south of Yǔ Mín [羽民].
Translator’s note

The repeated directions are retained from the source; they have not been reconciled with a modern map.

016
English
The Ruò [弱] and Qīng [青] rivers issue from the southwestern corner, go east, then north, then southwest, passing east of the Bì Fāng Niǎo [畢方].
017
English
The pool south of Kūnlún [昆侖] is three hundred ren deep. The Kāi Míng Shòu [開明] has a great body like a Hǔ's and nine heads, all with human faces. It stands upon Kūnlún [昆侖], facing east.
018
English
West of Kāimíng [開明] are Fèng Huáng [鳳皇] and Luán Niǎo [鸞], all bearing Shé and treading upon Shé, with red Shé on their breasts.
019
English
North of Kāimíng [開明] are Shì Ròu [視肉], pearl trees, patterned-jade trees, Yúqí [玗琪] trees, and Bùsǐ [不死] trees. The Fèng Huáng [鳳皇] and Luán Niǎo [鸞] all bear shields. There are also Lí Zhū [離朱], tree-grain, cypresses, sweet water, and the sacred tree Mànduì [曼兌]. Another account speaks of upright trees with tooth-like interlocking branches.
Translator’s note

瞂 is an ancient shield-word; the birds' unusual adornment is retained. 聖木曼兌 and 挺木牙交 admit other divisions and readings. Shì Ròu [視肉] is a wondrous flesh-like being or substance, explained in later commentary as self-renewing.

020
English
Translator’s note

距 in the healing clause is difficult; “restore” follows the traditional understanding that the shamans seek to revive him.

021
English
Upon the Fú Cháng Tree [服常] is a three-headed person, watching over the Láng Gān Tree [琅玕].
022
English
South of Kāimíng [開明] are Shù Niǎo with six heads, Jiāo [蛟], Fù, Shé, Wèi [蜼], Bào, birds, and trees; the passage also names pools and trees, Sòng Niǎo [誦], Sǔn, and Shì Ròu [視肉].
Translator’s note

This list is textually disordered. Its uncertain sequence is 鳥秩樹,于表池樹木; the translation preserves the intelligible items without inventing a connected scene. Jiāo [蛟] is a dragon-like aquatic creature, and Wèi [蜼] a traditionally long-tailed monkey-like animal.

023
English
On Mt. Shé Wū [蛇巫] stands a person holding a cup and facing east. Another account calls it Mount Guī [龜].
024
English
Xī Wáng Mǔ [西王母] leans upon a stand and wears a Shèng [勝] headdress. South of her are Sān Qīng Niǎo that fetch her food. She is north of the height of Kūnlún [昆侖].
Translator’s note

The posture-word 梯 is difficult; leaning against a stand follows a traditional interpretation. 勝 is an ancient hair ornament or headdress.

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